Murray Inquiry member welcomes decision on bank deposit levy

The reason why an FCS levy makes no sense is because of the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority's super priority in the liquidation of a bank or other authorised deposit taking institution (ADI, including building societies and credit unions).

If a bank is liquidated, APRA pays out insured depositors and stands above other depositors and creditors, such as bond holders, in priority of claims on the failed bank's assets. Given the structure of bank and ADI balance sheets, the likelihood that APRA would not fully recoup all it has paid out is negligible.

For the major banks, such an outcome would require a fall in asset values of around 70 per cent – an event which would make the Global Financial Crisis look like a mild hiccup. Consequently, the “fair value” fee for “providing” insurance is essentially zero. Even for small organisations such as credit unions with more reliance on insured deposits, the “fair value” fee is also essentially zero.

APRA's service, via the FCS, to insured depositors is essentially to ensure rapid (ideally uninterrupted) access to their funds if a bank is to be liquidated. More generally, an important component of APRA's services is, if possible, to facilitate the orderly exit of a troubled institution via an arranged merger with a stronger partner – to the benefit of all depositors and creditors.

It is the uninsured depositors and other creditors who “provide” insurance to insured depositors by having lower priority to them (via APRA's priority) in a liquidation situation. In principle, the bank will already be paying for the deposit “insurance” through the higher interest rates these stakeholders require because of their greater exposure to potential loss.

In practice, however, the existence of implicit government guarantees (the expectation of “bail-out” of troubled banks) means this mechanism does not always operate fully. Banks then benefit from lower funding costs due to such implicit guarantees – as evidenced by the “uplift” in bank credit ratings assigned by the ratings agencies in recognition of expectations of sovereign support for troubled banks.

If there is a case for a levy, it is based on the exposure of the taxpayer to loss from such government “bail-out” of troubled banks – which benefits all depositors and creditors. Consequently, such a levy would be logically based on the total liabilities of the bank (not the insured deposits).

How large such a levy should be is problematic, since it is difficult to assess the precise benefit to banks from implicit guarantees. Hence the more logical course would be a levy on total liabilities but the even better one is strongly capitalised banks and robust supervision which prevents “bail-out” situations arising.

Several overseas jurisdictions have imposed such levies on banks to build up a “resolution fund”. Why might government, other than in the hunt for revenue, want to raise funds in this way?

One valid argument (in addition to receiving compensation for costs of potential bail-outs) is it may be useful for regulators to have access to a resolution fund which can be drawn upon to facilitate the exit of a troubled bank via an assisted merger with a stronger entity. That would reinforce the case for a levy on all bank liabilities (rather than insured deposits alone), because such a process protects all depositors and creditors.

But providing APRA with pre-authorised access to funds from the government budget to facilitate needed exits with ex-post levies on industry to recoup such costs is another, arguably better, way to achieve this.

And once again, what makes better sense is to ensure banks have unquestionably strong capital ratios such that there is no general expectation of implicit government guarantees or potential for “bail out”. Proposals for additional “bail in” debt requirements are relevant here but high common equity capital requirements, and diligent supervision by APRA, are a much preferred approach.