Rebuilding after crisis

However, the outlook is not ideal. ANZ Research expects private sector engineering construction to deteriorate over 2020-21 as businesses defer or cancel investment commitments and development of new projects is halted or slowed amid ongoing uncertainty.

The pipeline of private infrastructure projects has already been falling for a year. And non-mining firms are planning to reduce total capital expenditure by almost a fifth in 2020-21. The mining sector’s previous plans for a solid rise in mining capex have also evaporated with firms now expecting essentially flat growth.

While the pandemic has undoubtedly worsened the broader investment environment, things weren’t going so well before it arrived. Private investment was falling, not only in Australia but across many developed economies, due to subdued capacity utilisation, soft profit growth and sticky hurdle rates.

Because of this, ANZ Research was pleased to see the Federal Budget’s focus on encouraging business investment. However, the government’s approach of trying to engineer a private sector recovery rather than directly lifting public spending even further does come with risks if the private sector uptake does not meet expectations. This risk is not immaterial in a world where business confidence and conditions are fragile.

ANZ Research thinks the public sector needs to help fill the hole. And indeed, there has been a raft of announcements of new and fast-tracked projects from all levels of government. How effective this will be in the near-term will depend on how quickly funding announcements translate into activity.

Public infrastructure funding

In the 2020-21 Federal Budget, capital spending for 2020-21 through to 2022-23 has been revised up by $A33.4 billion compared with the Mid-Year Economic and Fiscal Outlook in December 2019. Just over half of the addition is due to increased financial asset investment, including $A4.5 billion in increased equity to the National Broadband Network. An additional $A2.7 billion is devoted to direct capital investment by the Commonwealth. And around $A12 billion of the upgraded estimates is for higher capital grants to the states and territories.

As a share of gross domestic product, the capital spend reaches 2.9 per cent, slightly below the high point reached in 2009-10, post-global financial crisis (GFC). It does, however, hold near this level over a number of years - unlike in the post-GFC period where it quickly fell away.

As usual, there was a focus on transport projects in the Budget. But disappointingly, direct investment in social infrastructure was lacking, for example in education, health, aged care and social housing.

Water and waste infrastructure did get a look in. The Budget allocated $A2 billion over 10 years for the National Water Infrastructure Development Fund and $A190 million to establish a Recycling Modernisation Fund to improve Australia's waste and recycling capacity. Both these measures will be in partnership with the states and territories.

There was also some funding support for energy infrastructure but ANZ Research thinks the Budget was a missed opportunity to invest in transmission infrastructure and renewable energy zones (REZs), which were identified in the Australian Energy Market Operator’s (AEMO) 2020 Integrated System Plan (ISP) as necessary to advancing the National Electricity Market transition at least-cost.

As ANZ Research noted in the 2019 Major Projects report, there are limitations to using infrastructure investment as short-term economic stimulus, particularly large-scale road and rail projects, which have long lag times. In contrast, small-scale projects or maintenance works are realistic alternatives. So ANZ Research was pleased to see that under the JobMaker Plan, $A2 billion was allocated over 2020-21 and 2021-22 for small-scale road safety projects and upgrades, and the Local Roads and Community Infrastructure Program was extended out to 2021-22 to the tune of $A1 billion.

Small-scale projects and maintenance works can be preferable as short-term stimulus for three key reasons:

• Easier and quicker to be approved and commence construction
• More labour intensive than larger projects, which means for every dollar spent, they stimulate employment, household income and spending more
• Can be distributed across the country, in cities, suburbs, regional, rural and remote areas

This last point contrasts with the transport megaprojects currently underway, which are concentrated in the capital cities, particularly Sydney and Melbourne. Consequently, concerns over capacity constraints had been rising over recent years. Victoria in particular recorded a rapid escalation in road and bridge construction output prices through 2017 and 2018.

Output price growth for road and bridge construction and other heavy and civil engineering construction peaked in 2018-19 and has since eased considerably. But the pandemic may yet throw up challenges with borders shut to skilled migrants indefinitely and many countries turning their attention to infrastructure-led stimulus which could intensify competition for limited resources, including materials and equipment.

While this additional infrastructure investment is presented as new funding, it appears for some projects it may be displacing state/territory funding previously committed. For example, the $A292 million for Barwon Heads Road will replace some of the $A318.3 million funding to the project committed by the Victorian government in its 2019-20 budget, which at that stage was equivalent to the total estimated cost of the project. That cost appears to have escalated to $A365 million but the federal government will now be picking up $A292 million of the bill.

Although some of this federal funding will not be “new” strictly speaking, it should ultimately enable state and territory governments to allocate their saved funding to other projects.

So far, Western Australia is the only state or territory to have released its 2020-21 budget. The flagship $A5.5 billion WA Recovery Plan had already been announced, including investment in infrastructure, schools, TAFE and community facilities and maintenance works.

There have been several announcements from the other states and territories since the pandemic began, including:

• In New South Wales, a $A3 billion Infrastructure and Job Acceleration Fund for smaller, shovel-ready projects.
• In Victoria, a $A2.7 billion Building Works package, including transport network maintenance and education infrastructure.
• In Queensland, a $A726 million Unite and Recover for Queensland Jobs plan, which includes transport and road infrastructure, tourism infrastructure and $A200 million co-investment funding for shovel-ready infrastructure projects.
• In South Australia, $A350 million on a range of measures including road and hospital upgrades and new tourism infrastructure.
• In Tasmania, an additional $A1.3 billion for an infrastructure package which includes roads and irrigation, essential services, community facilities and social housing.
• In the Northern Territory, $A12.7 million for additional shovel-ready infrastructure projects, $A17.5 million for upgrades and maintenance for tourism destinations and $A4 million for school infrastructure.
• In the Australian Capital Territory, a $A4.9 billion Jobs and Economic Recovery Plan, including $A4 billion on transport, health and education infrastructure.

Australia could see more funding committed and will get more details on the projects when budgets are released. But ANZ Research suspects the 2020-21 budgets aren’t the “be all and end all” – it may just take time for more infrastructure spending to come through.

Australia may yet see larger projects put forward.

Catherine Birch is Senior Economist at ANZ